IWT UNIT 3 NOTES

 ---------------------------------Control Statements in js ---------------------------------------------------

JavaScript provides several control statements that allow you to control the flow of execution in your code. These control statements enable you to make decisions, repeat blocks of code, and handle exceptional situations. The main control statements in JavaScript are:


1. Conditional Statements:

   - `if` statement: Executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.

   - `if...else` statement: Executes one block of code if a condition is true and another block if the condition is false.

   - `else if` statement: Allows you to specify multiple conditions to test.

   - `switch` statement: Evaluates an expression and executes different blocks of code based on matching cases.


2. Looping Statements:

   - `for` loop: Repeats a block of code a specific number of times.

   - `while` loop: Repeats a block of code while a specified condition is true.

   - `do...while` loop: Repeats a block of code while a specified condition is true, with the code block executed at least once.

   - `for...in` loop: Iterates over the properties of an object.

   - `for...of` loop: Iterates over iterable objects like arrays or strings.


3. Jump Statements:

   - `break` statement: Terminates the current loop or switch statement.

   - `continue` statement: Skips the current iteration of a loop and continues with the next iteration.

   - `return` statement: Specifies the value to be returned by a function and exits the function.


4. Exception Handling Statements:

   - `try...catch` statement: Catches and handles exceptions that occur within a block of code.

   - `throw` statement: Generates a custom error and throws it.


These control statements provide the necessary tools to make decisions, iterate over data, handle errors, and control the flow of execution in JavaScript programs. By utilizing these statements effectively, you can create dynamic and robust applications.


--------------------------------Regural expression -----------------------------------------

Regular expressions, often referred to as regex or RegExp, are powerful tools for pattern matching and manipulating strings in JavaScript. A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. It can be used to find, replace, or extract specific patterns of characters within a string.


In JavaScript, regular expressions are created using the `RegExp` constructor or by enclosing the pattern within forward slashes (`/`). For example:


```javascript

// Using RegExp constructor

var regex = new RegExp('pattern');


// Using forward slashes

var regex = /pattern/;

```


Regular expressions consist of regular characters, which match themselves, and metacharacters that have special meaning within the regex pattern. Some commonly used metacharacters and their meanings include:


- `.` (dot): Matches any single character except a newline.

- `*`: Matches zero or more occurrences of the preceding character or group.

- `+`: Matches one or more occurrences of the preceding character or group.

- `?`: Matches zero or one occurrence of the preceding character or group.

- `\`: Escapes a special character, allowing it to be treated as a literal character.

- `[]`: Defines a character class, matching any single character within the brackets.

- `|`: Acts as a logical OR, matching either the pattern before or after the pipe.

- `()` : Groups characters or expressions together.


Here's an example of using a regular expression in JavaScript to check if a string contains a valid email address pattern:


```javascript

var emailPattern = /^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}$/;


var email = 'example@email.com';

if (emailPattern.test(email)) {

  console.log('Valid email address');

} else {

  console.log('Invalid email address');

}

```


In the above example, the `test()` method is used to match the given `email` string against the `emailPattern` regular expression. If the pattern matches, it returns `true`, indicating a valid email address.


Regular expressions provide a flexible and efficient way to handle complex string matching tasks. They can be used for tasks like data validation, text search and replace, extracting specific information from strings, and more. However, regular expressions can be quite intricate and mastering their syntax and usage may require practice and familiarity with the pattern matching concepts they involve.


---------------------------------screen output and keyboard input ---------------------------------

In JavaScript, there are several ways to handle screen output and keyboard input control statements. Here are some commonly used methods:


1. Screen Output:

   - `console.log()`: This method is used to output messages or values to the console, which can be viewed in the browser's developer tools or the console of a JavaScript runtime environment.


2. Keyboard Input Control:

   - `prompt()`: This function displays a dialog box that prompts the user for input and returns the entered value as a string.

   

   Example:

   ```javascript

   var name = prompt("Please enter your name:");

   console.log("Hello, " + name);

   ```


   - `confirm()`: This function displays a dialog box with a message and two buttons: OK and Cancel. It returns a boolean value indicating whether the user clicked OK (true) or Cancel (false).

   

   Example:

   ```javascript

   var result = confirm("Are you sure you want to delete this item?");

   if (result) {

     console.log("Item deleted");

   } else {

     console.log("Deletion canceled");

   }

   ```


   - `alert()`: This function displays an alert dialog box with a specified message.

   

   Example:

   ```javascript

   alert("This is an alert message!");

   ```


Please note that these methods are primarily used in web browsers, where JavaScript is commonly run. In other environments, such as Node.js, different approaches may be used for screen output and keyboard input control.


--------------------------------------Await and yield ------------------------------------------------

In JavaScript, `await` and `yield` are used in different contexts and serve different purposes.


1. `await`:

   The `await` keyword is used in asynchronous functions to pause the execution of the function until a promise is resolved or rejected. It can only be used within an async function. When `await` is used, it waits for the promise to settle and then returns the resolved value.


   Example:

   ```javascript

   async function getData() {

     const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');

     const data = await response.json();

     return data;

   }


   getData()

     .then(data => console.log(data))

     .catch(error => console.log(error));

   ```


   In the above example, the `await` keyword is used to pause the execution of the `getData` function until the `fetch` request is completed and the response is obtained. It allows asynchronous code to be written in a more synchronous-looking manner, making it easier to handle promises and asynchronous operations.


2. `yield`:

   The `yield` keyword is used in generator functions to control the flow of execution. A generator function is a special kind of function that can be paused and resumed during its execution. Each time `yield` is encountered, the function pauses and returns the yielded value. The function can be resumed later to continue its execution.


   Example:

   ```javascript

   function* generateSequence() {

     yield 1;

     yield 2;

     yield 3;

   }


   const sequence = generateSequence();

   console.log(sequence.next().value); // 1

   console.log(sequence.next().value); // 2

   console.log(sequence.next().value); // 3

   ```


   In the above example, the `generateSequence` function is a generator function that yields values `1`, `2`, and `3` one at a time. Each time `sequence.next()` is called, the generator function resumes execution until it reaches the next `yield` statement.


   Generator functions provide a way to create iterators in JavaScript and can be useful when dealing with complex control flow scenarios or when working with large collections of data that can be generated on-the-fly.


Both `await` and `yield` help manage asynchronous operations and control the flow of execution in JavaScript, but they are used in different contexts and have distinct behaviors.

-----------------------------------------Constructors---------------------------------------------

In JavaScript, constructors are special functions used to create and initialize objects. Constructors are typically used in conjunction with the `new` keyword to create multiple instances of an object with similar properties and behaviors.


Here's an example to illustrate constructors in JavaScript:


```javascript

// Constructor function for creating a Person object

function Person(name, age, city) {

  this.name = name;

  this.age = age;

  this.city = city;

}


// Creating instances of the Person object using the constructor

var person1 = new Person("John", 30, "New York");

var person2 = new Person("Alice", 25, "London");


// Accessing object properties

console.log(person1.name);  // Output: John

console.log(person2.city);  // Output: London

```


In the above example, we define a constructor function called `Person` that takes parameters `name`, `age`, and `city`. Inside the constructor function, we use the `this` keyword to refer to the object being created. We assign the passed-in values to the object's properties using dot notation (`this.propertyName = value`).


To create instances of the `Person` object, we use the `new` keyword followed by the constructor function name and pass the required values. This triggers the construction process and returns a new object with the specified properties.


In our example, we create two instances of the `Person` object: `person1` and `person2`. Each instance has its own set of properties (`name`, `age`, and `city`) assigned during the construction process.


Constructors allow you to define reusable blueprints for creating objects with consistent structures and behaviors. By defining and using constructors, you can create multiple instances of objects that share common characteristics while allowing customization through constructor arguments.


-------------------------------Object creation and modification --------------------------------------

In JavaScript, objects can be created and modified using various techniques. Let's explore a few methods in detail:


1. Object Literal:

   The simplest way to create an object is using the object literal syntax, which involves defining the object and its properties within curly braces `{}`. Properties are specified as key-value pairs separated by colons `:`. Here's an example:


```javascript

// Creating an object using object literal

var person = {

  name: "John",

  age: 30,

  city: "New York"

};

```


In the above example, an object called `person` is created with three properties: `name`, `age`, and `city`. You can access and modify these properties using dot notation (`person.name`, `person.age`, etc.) or bracket notation (`person['name']`, `person['age']`, etc.).


To modify an object's property, you can simply assign a new value to it:


```javascript

person.age = 35; // Modifying the 'age' property

person.city = "London"; // Modifying the 'city' property

```


2. Constructor Function:

   Constructor functions provide a way to create multiple instances of an object with shared properties and methods. Constructor functions are defined using regular functions and are conventionally named with an initial uppercase letter. Inside the constructor function, properties are assigned using the `this` keyword. Here's an example:


```javascript

// Constructor function

function Person(name, age, city) {

  this.name = name;

  this.age = age;

  this.city = city;

}


// Creating an object using constructor function

var person = new Person("John", 30, "New York");

```


In the above example, the `Person` constructor function is defined, which takes `name`, `age`, and `city` as parameters. The `new` keyword is used to create an instance of the `Person` object called `person`. The properties are assigned to the `person` object using `this.name`, `this.age`, and `this.city`.


To modify an object created using a constructor function, you can directly assign new values to its properties:


```javascript

person.age = 35; // Modifying the 'age' property

person.city = "London"; // Modifying the 'city' property

```


3. ES6 Classes:

   ES6 introduced a class syntax that provides a more convenient and familiar way to create objects and define their properties and methods. Under the hood, classes are just special constructor functions. Here's an example:


```javascript

// ES6 class

class Person {

  constructor(name, age, city) {

    this.name = name;

    this.age = age;

    this.city = city;

  }

}


// Creating an object using ES6 class

var person = new Person("John", 30, "New York");

```


In the above example, the `Person` class is defined using the `class` keyword. The `constructor` method is used to assign properties to the object instance created using the `new` keyword.


To modify an object created using a class, you can assign new values to its properties in a similar way as in the previous examples:


```javascript

person.age = 35; // Modifying the 'age' property

person.city = "London"; // Modifying the 'city' property

```


In summary, JavaScript provides multiple ways to create and modify objects. You can use object literals, constructor functions, or ES6 classes depending on your specific requirements and coding style. Once an object is created, you can access its properties and modify them using dot notation or bracket notation.


----------------------------------What are objects and its types ----------------------------------------------

In JavaScript, objects are a fundamental data type that allow you to store and organize data. An object is a collection of key-value pairs, where each key is a unique identifier (also known as a property or member), and each value can be of any data type, including other objects. Objects in JavaScript provide a way to represent complex entities and structures.


There are several ways to create objects in JavaScript:


1. Object Literal: This is the simplest way to create an object. It uses curly braces ({}) to define the object and comma-separated key-value pairs inside the braces to define its properties. For example:


```javascript

var person = {

  name: "John",

  age: 30,

  city: "New York"

};

```


2. Constructor Function: You can use a constructor function to create objects. The constructor function acts as a blueprint for creating multiple objects with similar properties and behaviors. The `new` keyword is used to create instances of the object. For example:


```javascript

function Person(name, age, city) {

  this.name = name;

  this.age = age;

  this.city = city;

}


var person = new Person("John", 30, "New York");

```


3. ES6 Classes: ES6 introduced a class syntax that provides a more convenient and familiar way to create objects. Under the hood, classes are just special constructor functions. For example:


```javascript

class Person {

  constructor(name, age, city) {

    this.name = name;

    this.age = age;

    this.city = city;

  }

}


var person = new Person("John", 30, "New York");

```


In JavaScript, objects can also be categorized into different types based on their behavior and purpose. Some common types of objects include:


1. Built-in Objects: These objects are provided by JavaScript itself and are available globally. Examples include `Math`, `Array`, `Date`, `RegExp`, and `Error`.


2. Host Objects: These objects are provided by the hosting environment, such as the web browser or Node.js. Examples include objects related to the DOM (Document Object Model) in the browser environment, such as `window`, `document`, and `HTMLElement`.


3. Custom Objects: These are objects created by the developer to represent specific entities or concepts in their application. Custom objects can be created using the object creation methods mentioned earlier.


It's important to note that JavaScript is a prototype-based language, which means objects can inherit properties and behaviors from other objects through their prototype chain. This enables object-oriented programming in JavaScript.


Apologies for the confusion in my previous response. Let me clarify the distinction between host objects and native objects in JavaScript:


1. Native Objects: Native objects, also known as built-in objects, are objects that are part of the JavaScript language specification itself. These objects are provided by the JavaScript runtime environment and are available globally in any JavaScript environment. Examples of native objects include `Object`, `Array`, `String`, `Number`, `Math`, `Date`, `RegExp`, and `Error`. Native objects have predefined properties and methods that are accessible and can be used directly in JavaScript code.


2. Host Objects: Host objects, on the other hand, are objects provided by the hosting environment in which JavaScript runs. The hosting environment could be a web browser, Node.js, or any other environment where JavaScript is embedded. Host objects are not defined by the JavaScript language specification but are instead provided by the environment's runtime. Examples of host objects in a web browser environment include `window`, `document`, `HTMLElement`, and other objects related to the Document Object Model (DOM) that represent the web page's structure and elements.


The distinction between native objects and host objects is important because their behavior and capabilities can vary depending on the JavaScript environment in which they are used. Native objects generally follow the JavaScript language specification and have consistent behavior across different environments. Host objects, on the other hand, may have environment-specific behavior and additional properties or methods specific to that environment.


It's worth noting that the line between native objects and host objects can sometimes be blurred, as some objects provided by the hosting environment may inherit properties and methods from native objects. For example, host objects in the browser environment often inherit from native objects like `Object` or `HTMLElement`.



---------------------------------------------Array and function in js -------------------------------------------

In JavaScript, arrays and functions are fundamental language features used to handle collections of data and define reusable blocks of code. Here's a detailed explanation of arrays and functions in JavaScript, along with examples:


1. Arrays:

   Arrays are used to store and manipulate multiple values in a single variable. They can contain elements of any data type, such as numbers, strings, objects, or even other arrays. Arrays in JavaScript are zero-indexed, meaning the first element is accessed using index 0.


   Arrays in JavaScript can be created in various ways:


   a. Array Literal:

   You can create an array using square brackets `[]` and separating the elements with commas. For example:


   ```javascript

   var fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange'];

   ```


   b. Array Constructor:

   You can use the `Array` constructor to create an array. For example:


   ```javascript

   var numbers = new Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

   ```


   Once an array is created, you can access its elements using square brackets and the corresponding index. For example:


   ```javascript

   console.log(fruits[0]); // Output: 'apple'

   console.log(numbers[2]); // Output: 3

   ```


   Arrays in JavaScript have a variety of built-in methods that allow you to add or remove elements, iterate over the array, and perform various operations on the data stored within.


   Arrays are an essential topic in JavaScript and are typically introduced in the early stages of learning JavaScript as part of data structures and basic programming concepts.


2. Functions:

   Functions in JavaScript are reusable blocks of code that can be called and executed at any point in your program. They allow you to encapsulate functionality and perform specific tasks. Functions can accept parameters (input values) and optionally return a value.


   Functions in JavaScript can be created in several ways:


   a. Function Declaration:

   You can define a function using the `function` keyword followed by a name, a list of parameters enclosed in parentheses, and a block of code wrapped in curly braces. For example:


   ```javascript

   function greet(name) {

     console.log('Hello, ' + name + '!');

   }

   ```


   b. Function Expression:

   You can also define a function as an expression by assigning it to a variable. For example:


   ```javascript

   var add = function(a, b) {

     return a + b;

   };

   ```


   Once a function is defined, it can be called by using its name followed by parentheses. For example:


   ```javascript

   greet('John'); // Output: 'Hello, John!'

   var sum = add(2, 3); // sum will be 5

   ```


   Functions can also have optional parameters, default parameter values, and can be written using arrow function syntax introduced in ES6.


   Functions are a core concept in JavaScript and are typically introduced early on in the learning process, as they are fundamental to understanding JavaScript's ability to structure code and enable code reusability.


Both arrays and functions are covered in the foundational topics of JavaScript, usually in the early stages of learning the language. They are fundamental to JavaScript programming and play a crucial role in handling and manipulating data, as well as structuring code for better organization and reusability.

--------------------------------------errors in js --------------------------------------------------------------

In JavaScript, errors occur when there are issues in the code that prevent it from being executed correctly. JavaScript provides built-in error objects that represent different types of errors, and understanding and handling these errors is crucial for writing robust and error-free code. Let's explore errors in JavaScript and how they can be handled:


1. Error Types:

   JavaScript provides several built-in error types, including:


   a. `SyntaxError`: Occurs when the code has syntax errors or is not valid JavaScript.

   b. `ReferenceError`: Occurs when a non-existent variable or object is referenced.

   c. `TypeError`: Occurs when an operation is performed on an incompatible data type.

   d. `RangeError`: Occurs when a value is not within the expected range or set of allowed values.

   e. `EvalError`: Occurs when an error is thrown explicitly by the `eval()` function.

   f. `URIError`: Occurs when a URI-related function is used incorrectly.

   g. `Custom Errors`: You can also create custom errors by extending the `Error` object.


2. Handling Errors:

   To handle errors and prevent them from causing the program to terminate abruptly, JavaScript provides the `try...catch` statement. This statement allows you to wrap a block of code that might potentially throw an error within a `try` block, and then catch and handle any thrown error using a `catch` block.


   Here's an example that demonstrates the usage of `try...catch` to handle errors:


   ```javascript

   try {

     // Code that might throw an error

     var result = someFunction();

   } catch (error) {

     // Code to handle the error

     console.log('An error occurred: ' + error.message);

   }

   ```


   In the above example, the code inside the `try` block is executed. If an error occurs within that block, it is caught by the `catch` block, and the error object is passed as an argument to the `catch` block. You can then handle the error by performing specific actions or logging an error message.


3. Throwing Errors:

   In addition to handling errors thrown by JavaScript itself, you can also throw custom errors using the `throw` statement. This allows you to explicitly indicate that an error has occurred at a specific point in your code. Custom errors can be created by extending the `Error` object or any of its built-in subclasses.


   Here's an example of throwing a custom error:


   ```javascript

   function divide(a, b) {

     if (b === 0) {

       throw new Error('Division by zero is not allowed');

     }

     return a / b;

   }


   try {

     var result = divide(10, 0);

     console.log(result);

   } catch (error) {

     console.log('An error occurred: ' + error.message);

   }

   ```


   In the above example, the `divide` function throws a custom `Error` object if the second parameter `b` is zero. The error is then caught and handled in the `catch` block, where an error message is logged.


By understanding the different types of errors in JavaScript and using the `try...catch` statement effectively, you can handle errors gracefully and provide meaningful feedback to users or developers when errors occur. Proper error handling helps in debugging, improving the user experience, and making your code more robust and reliable.



Errors in programming refer to situations that don’t let a program function normally. It can happen when a program doesn’t know how to handle the job at hand, such as when trying to open a non-existent file or reaching out to a web-based API endpoint while there’s no network connectivity.

These situations push the program to throw errors to the user, stating that it doesn’t know how to proceed. The program collects as much information as possible about the error and then reports that it can not move ahead.


Types of Errors in JavaScript

There’s a range of predefined error types in JavaScript. They are automatically chosen and defined by the JavaScript runtime whenever the programmer doesn’t explicitly handle errors in the application.

This section will walk you through some of the most common types of errors in JavaScript and understand when and why they occur.

RangeError

A RangeError is thrown when a variable is set with a value outside its legal values range. It usually occurs when passing a value as an argument to a function, and the given value doesn’t lie in the range of the function’s parameters. It can sometimes get tricky to fix when using poorly documented third-party libraries since you need to know the range of possible values for the arguments to pass in the correct value.

Some of the common scenarios in which RangeError occurs are:

  • Trying to create an array of illegal lengths via the Array constructor.
  • Passing bad values to numeric methods like toExponential(), toPrecision(), toFixed(), etc.
  • Passing illegal values to string functions like normalize().

ReferenceError

A ReferenceError occurs when something is wrong with a variable’s reference in your code. You might have forgotten to define a value for the variable before using it, or you might be trying to use an inaccessible variable in your code. In any case, going through the stack trace provides ample information to find and fix the variable reference that is at fault.

Some of the common reasons why ReferenceErrors occur are:

  • Making a typo in a variable name.
  • Trying to access block-scoped variables outside of their scopes.
  • Referencing a global variable from an external library (like $ from jQuery) before it’s loaded.

SyntaxError

These errors are one of the simplest to fix since they indicate an error in the syntax of the code. Since JavaScript is a scripting language that is interpreted rather than compiled, these are thrown when the app executes the script that contains the error. In the case of compiled languages, such errors are identified during compilation. Thus, the app binaries are not created until these are fixed.

Some of the common reasons why SyntaxErrors might occur are:

  • Missing inverted commas
  • Missing closing parentheses
  • Improper alignment of curly braces or other characters

It’s a good practice to use a linting tool in your IDE to identify such errors for you before they hit the browser.

TypeError

TypeError is one of the most common errors in JavaScript apps. This error is created when some value doesn’t turn out to be of a particular expected type. Some of the common cases when it occurs are:

  • Invoking objects that are not methods.
  • Attempting to access properties of null or undefined objects
  • Treating a string as a number or vice versa

There are a lot more possibilities where a TypeError can occur. We’ll look at some famous instances later and learn how to fix them.

InternalError

The InternalError type is used when an exception occurs in the JavaScript runtime engine. It may or may not indicate an issue with your code.

More often than not, InternalError occurs in two scenarios only:

  • When a patch or an update to the JavaScript runtime carries a bug that throws exceptions (this happens very rarely)
  • When your code contains entities that are too large for the JavaScript engine (e.g. too many switch cases, too large array initializers, too much recursion)

The most appropriate approach to solve this error is to identify the cause via the error message and restructure your app logic, if possible, to eliminate the sudden spike of workload on the JavaScript engine.

URIError

URIError occurs when a global URI handling function such as decodeURIComponent is used illegally. It usually indicates that the parameter passed to the method call did not conform to URI standards and thus was not parsed by the method properly.

Diagnosing these errors is usually easy since you only need to examine the arguments for malformation.

EvalError

An EvalError occurs when an error occurs with an eval() function call. The eval() function is used to execute JavaScript code stored in strings. However, since using the eval() function is highly discouraged due to security issues and the current ECMAScript specifications don’t throw the EvalError class anymore, this error type exists simply to maintain backward compatibility with legacy JavaScript code.

If you’re working on an older version of JavaScript, you might encounter this error. In any case, it’s best to investigate the code executed in the eval() function call for any exceptions.


Certainly! Here are examples of each type of error mentioned:


1. `SyntaxError`:

   ```javascript

   var x = 5;

   console.log(x;

   // Output: Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token ')'

   ```


2. `ReferenceError`:

   ```javascript

   console.log(foo);

   // Output: Uncaught ReferenceError: foo is not defined

   ```


3. `TypeError`:

   ```javascript

   var x = null;

   console.log(x.toUpperCase());

   // Output: Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'toUpperCase' of null

   ```


4. `RangeError`:

   ```javascript

   function recursiveFunction() {

     recursiveFunction();

   }

   recursiveFunction();

   // Output: Uncaught RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded

   ```


5. `EvalError`:

   ```javascript

   eval('foo bar');

   // Output: Uncaught EvalError: foo is not defined

   ```


6. `URIError`:

   ```javascript

   decodeURIComponent('%');

   // Output: Uncaught URIError: URI malformed

   ```


7. Custom Error:

   ```javascript

   function CustomError(message) {

     this.name = 'CustomError';

     this.message = message || 'Default custom error message';

   }

   CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);

   CustomError.prototype.constructor = CustomError;


   try {

     throw new CustomError('Custom error occurred');

   } catch (error) {

     console.log(error.name + ': ' + error.message);

     // Output: CustomError: Custom error occurred

   }

   ```


In each example, the corresponding error type is thrown, and the error message and stack trace are logged to the console. These examples demonstrate scenarios that result in each specific error type being thrown.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Maths Unit 1 ( Theory )

Image
 -------------------  Introduction and history of data science------------------------------------ Introduction to Data Science: Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that involves extracting insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data. It combines various disciplines such as statistics, mathematics, computer science, and domain knowledge to analyze and interpret data, uncover patterns, make predictions, and drive data-driven decision-making. Data scientists use a combination of techniques, tools, and algorithms to collect, clean, transform, and analyze large volumes of data. They apply statistical modeling, machine learning, data visualization, and other analytical methods to extract valuable information from data and generate actionable insights. History of Data Science: The roots of Data Science can be traced back to several disciplines and technological advancements over the years. Here is a brief history of some key milestones: 1. Statistics and Math...
Read more

Pl unit 1

 Elementary Data Types Merits Merits and demerits of elementary data types   Elementary data types, also known as primitive data types, are the most basic data types available in most programming languages. They are used to represent simple values such as numbers, characters, and boolean values (true or false). There are several benefits to using elementary data types: They are simple and easy to understand. They are efficient to use, as they require minimal memory and processing power. They are supported by most programming languages, making them portable across different platforms. However, there are also some limitations to using elementary data types: They can only represent a limited range of values. For example, an integer data type may only be able to represent values between -32,768 and 32,767. They do not allow for the representation of complex data structures such as lists or objects. They do not support operations such as concatenation or slicing, which are availabl...
Read more

code for a simple calculator

  def   add ( a , b ):     result =( a + b )     print ( result ) def   sub ( a , b ):     result =( a - b )     print ( result ) def   mul ( a , b ):   result =( a * b )   print ( result ) def   div ( a , b ):    result =( a / b )    print ( result ) a = int ( input ( "Enter the first number: " )) b = int ( input ( "Enter the second number: " )) op = input ( "Enter the operator: " )   if   op == "+" :       print ( add ( a , b )) elif   op == "-" :    print ( sub ( a , b )) elif   op == "*" :    print ( mul ( a , b )) elif   op == "/" :    print ( div ( a , b )) else :    print ( "Enter the correct operator. \n "  )
Read more